Question 1

At what age can a child be assessed?

Accepted Answer

Early reading risk can be identified before substantial reading failure occurs. The appropriate assessment depends on the child’s development and learning history. Ask a qualified assessor what is suitable now; targeted support should not be postponed while waiting for a diagnosis.

Question 2

Who should assess my child?

Accepted Answer

Choose a professional with appropriate qualifications and experience in dyslexia assessment. Depending on the country and assessment purpose, this may be a psychologist or a suitably qualified specialist assessor. Confirm that the report will meet your intended school or institutional requirements.

Question 3

How long does a dyslexia assessment take?

Accepted Answer

Ask for the full process, including information gathering, testing and feedback, rather than only the testing appointment length. A focused literacy assessment and a broader psychoeducational evaluation may involve different schedules. Confirm the number of appointments, arrangements for breaks and expected report turnaround directly with your provider.

Question 4

How much does a dyslexia assessment cost?

Accepted Answer

Request a written quotation for the recommended assessment. Ask whether it includes interviews, testing, a report, feedback and school liaison, and whether follow-up appointments are separate.

Question 5

Is it the same as a psychoeducational assessment?

Accepted Answer

A dyslexia assessment focuses on reading-related difficulties. A broader psychoeducational assessment can explore additional aspects of learning and functioning. Discuss the concerns you want answered so the clinician can recommend an appropriate scope. CALM’s assessment process includes an initial consultation, testing, a written report and feedback.

Question 6

Does a diagnosis of dyslexia or ADHD guarantee extra time?

Accepted Answer

No. A diagnosis may be relevant, but the requested arrangement must address the student’s particular needs and meet the awarding body’s criteria. Students with the same diagnosis may require different forms of support.

Question 7

Can a child with good grades still need support?

Accepted Answer

Good grades do not explain how much difficulty a student experiences in producing their work. If there are persistent concerns, discuss the pattern with the school. Grades alone do not establish or rule out eligibility for an arrangement.

Question 8

Can we use an existing assessment report?

Accepted Answer

Possibly. Ask the school to review its date, scope and findings before arranging new testing. The report must meet the applicable requirements and remain relevant to the student’s current needs; an update may be more appropriate than a full reassessment.

Question 9

Should we ask for extra time or an assessment first?

Accepted Answer

Begin by asking the school to review the difficulty and the support your child needs. An assessment becomes useful when there is a question it can help answer or an evidence gap it can appropriately address.

Question 10

Is it anxiety or ADHD — how can I tell the difference?

Accepted Answer

The surface behaviours overlap heavily, so the answer is in the pattern beneath them. Anxiety tends to track with pressure and improve when a child is calm; ADHD tends to be pervasive and long-standing, present even when the child is relaxed. Avoidance driven by fear points to anxiety; avoidance of sustained mental effort points to ADHD. A proper assessment is what separates them with confidence.

Question 11

Can a child have both anxiety and ADHD at once?

Accepted Answer

Yes, and it's common. The two frequently co-occur and can feed each other — undiagnosed ADHD can generate anxiety, and anxiety can further degrade attention. Because of this loop, it's easy to spot one and miss the other, which is why looking at both matters.

Question 12

Why does my child seem to focus fine on some things but not others?

Accepted Answer

This can happen with both. A child with ADHD may focus well on highly engaging or novel activities while struggling with effortful or repetitive ones. An anxious child may focus fine on things that don't trigger worry while struggling with anything tied to a feared outcome. The when and why of the focus difficulty is what's informative.

Question 13

Could my child's focus problems just be stress, not ADHD?

Accepted Answer

They could — stress and anxiety genuinely impair concentration. The clues that point to stress rather than ADHD are a recent onset, a clear trigger, improvement when the pressure lifts, and difficulties confined to high-pressure situations. If the focus problems are long-standing, pervasive, and present even when your child is calm and happy, that points more toward ADHD.

Question 14

Will an assessment be able to tell which one it is?

Accepted Answer

Yes — disentangling overlapping explanations is exactly what a psychoeducational or psychological assessment is designed to do. It combines a careful history, direct assessment of attention and executive function, and screening of the child's emotional world to identify whether the driver is anxiety, ADHD, or both.

Question 15

Is “psychologist” a protected title in Singapore?

Accepted Answer

The Singapore Psychological Society currently describes registration through the SRP as voluntary. MOH has announced a phased statutory registration framework for five psychology subdisciplines, which will protect the relevant registered titles once implemented. Parents should check current MOH guidance and verify the practitioner's qualifications and registration status.

Question 16

What is the difference between a child psychologist and a child psychiatrist?

Accepted Answer

In Singapore, a psychologist provides psychological assessment and therapy and does not prescribe medication. A child and adolescent psychiatrist is a medical doctor who can provide psychiatric assessment and prescribe medication when appropriate. Their roles may be complementary within a child's care plan.

Question 17

Do I need a referral?

Accepted Answer

Many private practices accept direct enquiries from parents. Referral requirements may differ for particular services or insurance claims, so confirm these with the practice and your insurer before booking.

Question 18

How many sessions will my child need?

Accepted Answer

This depends on the concerns, agreed goals and the child's response to support. The clinician should explain any initial estimate and arrange review points to discuss progress and whether the plan needs to change.

Question 19

Will the psychologist tell me everything my child says?

Accepted Answer

Parents are usually involved in care, while children and adolescents are also offered an appropriate degree of privacy. The clinician should explain what information will be shared, how parents will receive updates and the limits of confidentiality, including safety concerns and legal obligations.

Question 20

Can we change clinicians if it is not working?

Accepted Answer

Yes. Discuss your concerns with the clinician so that the approach and progress can be reviewed. If another professional would be more suitable, a planned referral or handover can help maintain continuity of support.

Question 21

Can being bilingual cause dyslexia?

Accepted Answer

No. Being bilingual or multilingual does not cause dyslexia.

Dyslexia is a specific learning disorder associated with persistent difficulties in areas such as accurate word reading, reading fluency, decoding, and spelling.

Learning more than one language can make dyslexia harder to identify because some of the signs overlap with normal second-language development.

Question 22

Can EAL look exactly like dyslexia?

Accepted Answer

EAL and dyslexia can look similar at the surface level.

Both may cause slow reading, spelling mistakes, limited written output, and reading avoidance. The distinction usually becomes clearer by examining home-language skills, progress over time, response to support, phonological processing, and the child’s broader learning profile.

Question 23

What is the main difference between EAL and dyslexia?

Accepted Answer

EAL difficulties are primarily caused by learning through a language that the child has not yet fully developed.

Dyslexia is an underlying learning difference that affects reading and spelling skills regardless of the language being learned, although it may appear differently across writing systems.

Question 24

Should we wait for our child’s English to improve?

Accepted Answer

Waiting may be appropriate when the child is making steady progress and their difficulties are limited to English.

Further investigation may be needed when the child is not progressing, struggles in their home language, or shows persistent difficulties in a specific learning skill.

Question 25

How long does it take a child to develop academic English?

Accepted Answer

The time required varies depending on age, previous education, home-language literacy, teaching quality, exposure to English, and individual development. Conversational English usually develops before the more complex language needed for reading, writing, and academic learning. Progress should therefore be assessed over time rather than based on conversational fluency alone.

Question 26

Can a child be both EAL and dyslexic?

Accepted Answer

Yes. A child can have EAL needs and dyslexia at the same time.

In these cases, the child may require both English-language support and targeted intervention for reading, spelling, or other affected learning skills.

Question 27

How early can we tell whether it is EAL or a learning difference?

Accepted Answer

There is no single age at which the distinction becomes clear.

Assessment may be appropriate when difficulties are persistent, appear across languages, do not improve with suitable teaching, or are significantly affecting the child’s learning and emotional wellbeing.

Question 28

Why do teenagers use AI for emotional support?

Accepted Answer

Teenagers may find AI easier to approach because it is available immediately, does not visibly judge them and allows them to control how much they reveal. Some may also worry that parents, teachers or counsellors will overreact or involve others before they feel ready.

Question 29

Is it safe for teenagers to use ChatGPT as a therapist?

Accepted Answer

ChatGPT may help a teenager organise their thoughts, name an emotion or prepare for a difficult conversation. However, it should not replace a qualified therapist, school counsellor or trusted adult, especially when the teenager is experiencing serious or ongoing distress.

Question 30

What are the signs that a teenager is becoming emotionally dependent on AI?

Accepted Answer

Possible signs include turning to AI after every difficult emotion, saying the chatbot is the only one that understands them, becoming distressed when it is unavailable and withdrawing from family or friends. Parents should also pay attention if AI use begins to interfere with sleep, schoolwork or relationships.

Question 31

Should parents read their teenager’s AI conversations?

Accepted Answer

Not automatically. Demanding access to every conversation may damage trust and make the teenager more secretive. A better starting point is to ask what they find helpful about AI and whether it has ever given advice that felt uncomfortable, inaccurate or unsafe. More direct intervention may be necessary when there is an immediate safety concern.

Question 32

When should parents seek professional support?

Accepted Answer

Professional support may be helpful when a teenager is becoming socially withdrawn, relying on AI as their main source of reassurance or using chatbots to manage persistent anxiety, low mood, friendship difficulties or family conflict. Urgent help is needed when there are concerns about self-harm, suicidal thinking, abuse, exploitation or immediate safety.

Question 33

Can a child have ADHD if they are well-behaved?

Accepted Answer

Yes. ADHD is not defined by disruptive behaviour. Many children with inattentive ADHD are cooperative, thoughtful, and eager to do well while still experiencing significant difficulties with attention, organisation, and executive functioning.

Question 34

What does inattentive ADHD look like in girls?

Accepted Answer

Girls with inattentive ADHD often appear dreamy, forgetful, disorganised, easily distracted, or overwhelmed. Because they are not disruptive, their symptoms may be mistaken for personality traits rather than signs of ADHD.

Question 35

Why are girls with ADHD diagnosed later than boys?

Accepted Answer

Girls are more likely to present with inattentive symptoms, which are less visible than hyperactive behaviours. Many also develop coping strategies that conceal their difficulties for years.

Question 36

Can anxiety be mistaken for ADHD?

Accepted Answer

Yes. Anxiety and ADHD share several overlapping symptoms, including concentration difficulties, forgetfulness, and avoidance of challenging tasks. A comprehensive assessment helps determine the underlying cause.

Question 37

Is it ever too late to seek an ADHD assessment?

Accepted Answer

No. Understanding a child's strengths, challenges, and learning profile can be beneficial at any age and often leads to more effective support and improved self-confidence.

Question 38

How do I know if my child's social difficulties are related to transition or something more?

Accepted Answer

The most useful indicator is whether the difficulty resolves as adjustment progresses. Most children who are struggling socially because of transition begin to find their footing within a term or two of arriving in a new environment. If your child remains on the social periphery after a reasonable settling-in period, and particularly if this pattern has repeated across more than one school or peer group, something beyond ordinary adjustment is worth considering. A consultation with a clinician can help you think through what you are seeing.

Question 39

My child seems to manage socially at home and with family but struggles with peers. Does that mean it is not a social communication difficulty?

Accepted Answer

Not necessarily. Many children with social communication difficulties manage well in familiar, structured, one-to-one situations with people they know. The demands of peer interaction, particularly in unstructured settings such as breaks, lunches, and group activities, are where difficulties tend to be most visible. The contrast between home functioning and peer functioning is a clinically significant pattern, not evidence against concern.

Question 40

Could the cultural complexity of a multinational peer group itself be causing my child's social difficulties?

Accepted Answer

Cultural complexity adds genuine demands to social navigation, and some degree of social difficulty in a highly diverse peer group is normal and expected. However, cultural complexity does not cause social communication difficulties in the clinical sense. What it can do is mask existing difficulties, make them harder to identify, and amplify their consequences. If your child is struggling significantly more than peers in the same environment, the explanation is unlikely to be the environment alone.

Question 41

My child has moved schools four times. Could the repeated transitions explain the social difficulties?

Accepted Answer

Repeated transitions can absolutely contribute to social difficulties. They disrupt the continuity of friendships, require repeated social re-establishment, and can produce a kind of social guardedness in children who have learned that connections are temporary. However, most children who move frequently develop strategies for forming quick connections in new environments. If your child consistently fails to form even the temporary connections that their similarly mobile peers manage, this is a pattern worth taking seriously and discussing with a clinician.

Question 42

What does support for social communication difficulties look like in an international school context?

Accepted Answer

Support depends on what the assessment finds. For children with autism-related social communication differences, it typically involves social skills support, autism-informed therapeutic input, and school accommodations that reduce unnecessary social demands. For children with social anxiety, it involves targeted anxiety treatment. For children whose difficulties are primarily linked to ADHD, support for executive functioning and impulse regulation can significantly improve peer relationships. At CALM International, our reports include specific recommendations tailored to the child's profile and their specific school context, including the particular social demands of internationally mobile communities.

Question 43

Can a child have both ADHD and perfectionism?

Accepted Answer

Yes, and it is more common than many parents realise. ADHD and perfectionism can co-occur in ways that are particularly painful for the child. The ADHD makes it difficult to initiate and complete tasks. The perfectionism adds an additional layer of avoidance because starting means risking imperfection. The result is a child who is paralysed rather than simply disorganised. A psychoeducational assessment can identify both and help determine which needs to be addressed first.

Question 44

My child can focus for hours on video games or Lego. Does that rule out ADHD?

Accepted Answer

No. Hyperfocus, the ability to concentrate intensely on highly stimulating or personally motivating activities, is a characteristic feature of ADHD rather than evidence against it. What is consistent with ADHD is the inability to sustain attention on tasks that are not inherently engaging, even when the child understands their importance. The contrast between deep focus in preferred activities and scattered attention in others is something our clinicians look for specifically during assessment.

Question 45

My child only struggles at school. Does that mean it is not ADHD?

Accepted Answer

Not necessarily, but it is a clinically significant observation. ADHD typically affects functioning across settings. If difficulties are largely confined to the school environment, it raises the possibility that situational factors, such as workload, perfectionism, anxiety, or the specific demands of the curriculum, are the primary driver. This is exactly the kind of pattern a psychoeducational assessment is designed to evaluate. Context matters enormously in the interpretation of findings.

Question 46

How do you assess for ADHD in a multilingual child?

Accepted Answer

Assessing for ADHD in a multilingual child requires careful consideration of the role that language processing plays in attention and working memory. At CALM International, our clinicians are experienced in working with multilingual populations and understand how to account for the cognitive demands of second-language learning when interpreting assessment results. We use assessment tools appropriate to the child's language background and consider their full educational history when drawing conclusions.

Question 47

What is the difference between an ADHD assessment and a psychoeducational assessment?

Accepted Answer

An ADHD assessment is typically focused specifically on identifying the presence of symptoms of ADHD, including attention regulation, impulse control, and executive functioning among others. A psychoeducational assessment is broader. It evaluates the child's full cognitive profile, including reasoning, memory, processing speed, academic achievement, and emotional and behavioural functioning. At CALM International, we conduct comprehensive psychoeducational assessments that include evaluation of attention and executive functioning as part of the full picture. This gives us a much more complete understanding of what is happening and why.

Question 48

Does the school have to implement everything in the assessment report?

Accepted Answer

In most international school contexts, there is no single legal obligation requiring schools to implement every recommendation. However, schools accredited by bodies such as CIS or COBIS are expected to have policies in place for supporting students with identified learning needs. Most reputable international schools will make genuine efforts to implement reasonable accommodations. The strength of your position depends significantly on the clarity of the recommendations in the report.

Question 49

How do I get extra time approved for external examinations like the IB, IGCSE, or SAT?

Accepted Answer

The process varies by examination board but generally involves submitting a formal application, supported by the assessment report and sometimes a letter from the assessing psychologist, to the school's examinations coordinator. The school then submits the application to the examination board on your behalf. Deadlines are strict and typically fall several months before the examination. Contact the school's examinations coordinator as early as possible.

Question 50

My child's assessment was done in another country. Will it be accepted?

Accepted Answer

Most international schools accept assessment reports from qualified psychologists regardless of where the assessment was conducted, provided the report is in English or accompanied by a certified translation, and the assessing psychologist holds appropriate qualifications. Some examination boards have more specific requirements. Share the report with the school and the examinations coordinator early rather than assuming it will be accepted. Generally, reports have a lifespan of 3 years, and so schools and examining bodies may require a new assessment, if the old assessment is more than 3 years old.

Question 51

What if the school agrees to accommodations but does not implement them?

Accepted Answer

Raise the concern directly with the SENCO or the person responsible for learning support, and document the conversation in writing afterwards. If the issue is not resolved, escalate to the school principal or academic director. Keep a clear record of all requests, agreements, and outcomes. If the school continues not to implement agreed accommodations for a student approaching external examinations, the examining body may also be a point of contact.

Question 52

Can we access support from CALM International if the school is not meeting our child's needs?

Accepted Answer

Yes. CALM International works with students and families independently of the school. We provide clinical support, specialist guidance, and advocacy assistance for families navigating the gap between what an assessment recommends and what a school is providing. A consultation is a practical first step.

Dyslexia Assessment for Children: What Happens and What Can It Tell You?

Extra Time in IGCSE and IB Exams: Does Your Child Need an Assessment?

Anxiety or ADHD in Children? Why Similar Behaviours Can Mean Different Things

How to Choose a Child Psychologist in Singapore: A Guide for Parents

How to Tell EAL (English as an Additional Language) Struggles Apart from a Learning Difference

Why Teenagers Are Telling AI What They Won’t Tell Their Parents

Inattentive ADHD in Girls: Why Quiet Children Are Often Missed

Social Challenges in Expat Children: When Peer Difficulties Go Beyond Adjustment

ADHD or Perfectionism? Differentiating ADHD from Situational Overwhelm in Children

From Report to Reality: Using Psychoeducational Assessment Results at International Schools